sensya na po di ako marunong mag upload ng file wala akong account sa mga mega upload he he he kung iisa isahin ko pa sa mail paano naman ung iba?so ito na para lahat meron delete na lang MOD kung bawal ba ito? tayo tayo lang naman dito e siguro naman kapwa espiya ay di mang eespiya
WRITTEN EXAM REVIEWER
SET A
TWO WAYS OF TROUBLESHOOTING IF WINDOWS 98 FAILS TO START AFTER “ STARTING WINDOWS 98 “ MESSAGE APPEARS.
Reboot the computer to allow it to reload the system again to the main memory. Rebooting usually allows the system to refresh if it fails to load or function properly. Sometimes a simple reboot will make the system function. If after reboot the problem persist, then,
Boot the computer in safe mode to diagnose the problem, to boot in safe mode press F8 upon booting and the start up menu will appear…..
Then choose safe mode…..
How do I get out of Safe Mode?
From Windows Safe Mode click Start / Shutdown and restart the computer. This should start the computer automatically back into Normal Mode.
Dual booting ( windows 98 and windows 2000)
FAT16
The FAT16 file system was introduced way back with MS–DOS in 1981, and it's showing its age. It was designed originally to handle files on a floppy drive, and has had minor modifications over the years so it can handle hard disks, and even file names longer than the original limitation of 8.3 characters, but it's still the lowest common denominator. The biggest advantage of FAT16 is that it is compatible across a wide variety of operating systems, including Windows 95/98/Me, OS/2, Linux, and some versions of UNIX. The biggest problem of FAT16 is that it has a fixed maximum number of clusters per partition, so as hard disks get bigger and bigger, the size of each cluster has to get larger. In a 2–GB partition, each cluster is 32 kilobytes, meaning that even the smallest file on the partition will take up 32 KB of space. FAT16 also doesn't support compression, encryption, or advanced security using access control lists.
FAT32
The FAT32 file system, originally introduced in Windows 95 Service Pack 2, is really just an extension of the original FAT16 file system that provides for a much larger number of clusters per partition. As such, it greatly improves the overall disk utilization when compared to a FAT16 file system. However, FAT32 shares all of the other limitations of FAT16, and adds an important additional limitationâ€â€Âmany operating systems that can recognize FAT16 will not work with FAT32â€â€Âmost notably Windows NT, but also Linux and UNIX as well. Now this isn't a problem if you're running FAT32 on a Windows XP computer and sharing your drive out to other computers on your networkâ€â€Âthey don't need to know (and generally don't really care) what your underlying file system is.
The Advantages of NTFS
The NTFS file system, introduced with first version of Windows NT, is a completely different file system from FAT. It provides for greatly increased security, file–by–file compression, quotas, and even encryption. It is the default file system for new installations of Windows XP, and if you're doing an upgrade from a previous version of Windows, you'll be asked if you want to convert your existing file systems to NTFS. Don't worry. If you've already upgraded to Windows XP and didn't do the conversion then, it's not a problem. You can convert FAT16 or FAT32 volumes to NTFS at any point. Just remember that you can't easily go back to FAT or FAT32 (without reformatting the drive or partition), not that I think you'll want to.
The NTFS file system is generally not compatible with other operating systems installed on the same computer, nor is it available when you've booted a computer from a floppy disk. For this reason, many system administrators, myself included, used to recommend that users format at least a small partition at the beginning of their main hard disk as FAT. This partition provided a place to store emergency recovery tools or special drivers needed for reinstallation, and was a mechanism for digging yourself out of the hole you'd just dug into. But with the enhanced recovery abilities built into Windows XP (more on that in a future column), I don't think it's necessary or desirable to create that initial FAT partition.
When to Use FAT or FAT32
If you're running more than one operating system on a single computer (see my earlier column Multibooting Made Easy), you will definitely need to format some of your volumes as FAT. Any programs or data that need to be accessed by more than one operating system on that computer should be stored on a FAT16 or possibly FAT32 volume. But keep in mind that you have no security for data on a FAT16 or FAT32 volumeâ€â€Âany one with access to the computer can read, change, or even delete any file that is stored on a FAT16 or FAT32 partition. In many cases, this is even possible over a network. So do not store sensitive files on drives or partitions formatted with FAT file systems.
CHECKING DRIVE FOR ERRORS AFTER INSTALLING WINDOWS 2000
Windows Disk Defragmenter is a computer program included in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed (and sometimes increase the amount of usable space) by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, or defragmenting. The purpose is to optimize the time it takes to read and write files to/from the disk by minimizing head travel time and maximizing the transfer rate.
SCANDISK or ScanDisk is a utility in MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows systems which checks and repairs file systems and bad clusters on the hard drive. It was introduced in MS-DOS version 6.2. Previous versions of MS-DOS supplied only the simpler, purely text-based program CHKDSK. In Windows 95 onwards, SCANDISK also had a graphical user interface, although the DOS program retained the TUI. The disk scanning utility under Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows XP is also called CHKDSK (even though it is different from the MS-DOS CHKDSK) and has the ability to check NTFS disk drives. From Windows 2000 and on, it is integrated in Disk Properties as "error-checking".
SETTING UP A DUAL BOOT SCENARIO BETWEEN WIN98 AND WINDOWS 2000
As long as you pay attention to a few basic but important rules, this will be very easy to set up.
· The C: partition on your hard drive can be either FAT16 or FAT32. W2K can recognize FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS.
· If you want to be able to share files between the two operating systems, you can use FAT16 or FAT32. If you convert a partition that contains data that you wish to access from both Windows 9x and W2K to NTFS, Windows 9x will not recognize it.
· Install Windows 9x first, W2K second. This is the easiest way because W2K will recognize the existing Windows 9x installation, and modify its built-in boot menu accordingly to give you the choice of booting either Windows 9x or W2K.
· Install each OS into its own partition. This will avoid confusion between the two and unexpected behavior, as well as help you stay organized and distinguish clearly between the two operating systems.
POWER SUPPLY PROBLEM ( POWER SUPPLY FAN)
The fan on my power supply has stopped blowing, is turning very slowly and not blowing hard, is making noises, or is only working intermittently
Explanation: The fan on the back of the power supply is malfunctioning, either permanently or intermittently.
Diagnosis: The most common cause of problems with the power supply fan is dirt that accumulates inside the fan. Sometimes cleaning the fan will fix the problem, but often it will not. The fan may also just wear out after a period of time. A fan that is working intermittently will eventually fail, usually within a few weeks.
Recommendation:
· Check carefully to make sure that the power supply fan is in fact the source of the noise. It may in fact be another component such as the CPU fan or (if you are unlucky) a hard disk drive. Many CPU fans are in fact quite noisy, and you may want to replace a noisy one with a quieter version if necessary.
· Clean the power supply fan using a PC vacuum or a can of compressed air. See if the noise goes away.
· If you just noticed this problem when you turned on the machine, wait a few minutes. It may go away as the fan comes up to speed. If it does, you might be able to just ignore this condition, but remember to check the fan regularly to make sure it is still working. The lack of sound can just as easily mean the fan has stopped turning altogether, which could lead to the power supply or PC itself overheating. It's safer to troubleshoot the fan even if the noise does stop, although I have had at least one PC make intermittent noise for a long time without the fan going dead.
· Replace the power supply fan, if you feel comfortable doing this.
· Replace the power supply
If the power supply fan is making loots of noise it will eventually break down, the best solution is to replace the power supply since availability of the fan replacement is questionable since there would be no available replacement.
HP LASERJET PRINTER “50 SERVICE ERRORâ€ÂÂ
A PRINTER USER ASKED:
Unable to print because it gives me a message: 50 Service. What does this mean and will this be expensive to fix.
OUR PRINTER EXPERTS ANSWER:
The 50 SERVICE error means that either the fuser has not warmed up. It can be due to a bad fuser bulb, connections, or the power supply.
Occasionally, it's a fluke.. but usually this (and any error code greater than 50) means you need service from a qualified technician.
Reset the machine by leaving the power off for at least 15 minutes, if the error comes back after turning the printer on, you have parts that need to be replaced.
BEEP CODES : ONE LONG AND TWO SHORT
AWARD BIOS BEEP CODES
The following are Award BIOS Beep Codes that can occur. However because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS the beep codes may vary.
Beep Code Description
1 long, 2 short Indicates a video error has occurred and the BIOS cannot initialize the video screen to display any additional information
Any other beep(s) RAM problem.
After determining the error ( video card) then,
Clean the video card connectors using rubber eraser
Clean the video card slot using wd 40 or lacquer thinner
Check the video card on another machine
Check the video card slot using a new video card
Replace the video card
201 error at system startup
Symptom / Error FRU / Action in Sequence
10X
101: Interrupt failure.
102: Timer failure.
103: Timer interrupt failure.
104: Protected mode failure.
105: Last 8042 command not accepted.
107: NMI test failure.
108: Timer bus test failure.
109: Low meg-chip select test. System Board
2XX
201: Memory data error.( bad memory)
202: Memory line error 00 15.
203: Memory line error 16 23.
205: Memory test failure on on-board memory.
221: ROM to RAM remap error. 1. Go to Memory Checkout
2. DIMM
3. System board
Two command files used by MS DOS to configure a computer
Autoexec.bat
Short for automatically executed batch file, the autoexec.bat is used in MS-DOS and early versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems (Windows 3.x and Windows 95) that holds and runs other programs that are listed in the file.
For example, c:\windows\win is used to run Windows 3.x automatically each time the computer boots
Config.sys
A system file used with MS-DOS and OS/2 that is loaded each time the computer first boots up. This file controls components connected to the computer such as memory and other hardware devices.
RESOURCES CONFLICT ( a problem occurred when a new device was installed)
IRQ, DMA, and I/O Memory Addresses
For an extremely detailed explanation of Interrupts, DMA Channels, and I/O Memory Addresses, let the PC Guide be your teacher.
There are FOUR things that cause SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CONFLICTS:
1. IRQ signal lines being shared by devices
2. DMA signal lines being shared
3. I/O addresses being shared
4. Memory addresses (ROM and/or RAM) being shared
If you have Windows95 an easy way of finding what devices are using what IRQ's ior any of the above is to
· right click on the My Computer icon
· click on the Device Manager tab
· double click on the computer
This will pull up all the device's and what IRQ's they are using or what IRQ's are free, I/O addresses, etc. Print out a brief or detailed summary record by clicking on the print button in the bottom right corner of the dialogue box.
What is an IRQ (Interrupt Request Line)?
An IRQ or Interrupt Request Line allows a hardware device inside of the computer a direct line to the microprocessor and tells the microprocessor to stop what it is doing when the device needs atttention. The interrupt request signals run along the IRQ lines to an INTERRUPT CONTROLLER that assigns priorities to incoming IRQs and delivers them to the CPU. The interrupt controller is hardware found on the motherboard in a larger chip as part of a chipset.
A computer is limited to 15 IRQ's. IRQ's are prioritized in the computer according to the importance of the device (0, 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). When the ISA expansion slot was created IRQ 9 - 15 was added to the original 8 IRQ's. If devices with the IRQ 10 - 15 require notice from the CPU, IRQ 9 sends a signal to IRQ2. IRQ2 then acts as a bridge and signals the CPU that a device with IRQ10 - 15 address needs attention. PCI slots differ in that they have their own interrupt controllers.
ONE DEVICE PER IRQ: Since the interrupt controller expects signals from only one device per IRQ line, if you have more than one device sending IRQ signals along the same line, you may get an IRQ conflict that can freeze your machine. This is why assigning IRQs to new hardware as you install it is so important--and why it can be such a pain when it goes wrong. Luckily today's Plug'n Play (PnP) computers are supposed to assign IRQ's as a device is added, but this does not always occur as smoothly as it should, especially when replacing cards and conflicts sometimes arise.
The CPU works at a much higher speed than the devices and therefore seems as through its is multitasking with more than one device, although the CPU is carrying out instructions one at a time.
IRQ SHARING: If you have used all your IRQ's sometimes depending upon the device you can have the two device's sharing an IRQ, usually this will work if both devices do not request access at the same time.
IRQ HANDLING: Usually when installing a new device you may come to an IRQ conflict which is when two devices in a computer are trying to use the same IRQ number and cause the devices not to work. To resolve an IRQ conflict one must take either the device that is causing the conflict and reassign it to another IRQ or take the new device and assign it to another IRQ.
For example, it may be necessary to change the IRQ setting on an expansion card to free an IRQ for the modem. If your sound card is using IRQ5, you can reinstall it using IRQ11, and thus free IRQ5 for use by your modem. Most serial devices, including your modem, are incapable of operating at IRQs above 7.
The IRQs with no assignment are often the target of SCSI, network, and sound cards. These are often the safest place to use for a new IRQ, but be sure it is not in use already.
There are many charts online that give a summary of standard IRQ's for PC compatible computers. Below are a few. If you own a proprietary computer, such as, a Compaq or a Packard Bell, it is best to call technical support and ask which IRQ's are free, and any other information you should know regarding memory addresses.
Compare the below charts and see those IRQ's that remain constant. Then print out a record of your home computer and/or a school computer and make further comparisons. Make note of which IRQ's are free for future use.
DMA I/O ADDRESSES or CHANNELS
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is another I/O interfacing technique. DMA controller transfers data from a drive or other peripheral device directly to the computer's memory without CPU intervention. A DMA controller is designed to service one or more Input/Output devices. Each service interface is called a channel. It takes the load of the processor and results in faster overall data transfer.
The standard computer (PC) has two DMA controllers. The first controls channels 0,1,2,3 and the second channels 4,5,6,7. Thus we have 8 channels altogether. However, channel 4 is lost since it is used by the Direct Memory Access controller. The low channels 0-3 is so designated because they move one byte (8 bits) per transfer while the high channels moves 2 bytes per transfer. Refer to the PC Guide for a detailed recording of DMA channels and their assignments.
How to use ipconfig in windows 2000
IN CMD OR COMMAND PROMPT, TYPE IPCONFIG ( IPCONFIG SYNTAX)
IP CONFIG - Configure IP.
Syntax
IPCONFIG /all Display full configuration information.
IPCONFIG /release [adapter]
Release the IP address for the specified adapter.
IPCONFIG /renew [adapter]
Renew the IP address for the specified adapter.
IPCONFIG /flushdns Purge the DNS Resolver cache. ##
IPCONFIG /registerdns Refresh all DHCP leases and re-register DNS names. ##
IPCONFIG /displaydns Display the contents of the DNS Resolver Cache. ##
IPCONFIG /showclassid adapter
Display all the DHCP class IDs allowed for adapter. ##
IPCONFIG /setclassid adapter [classid]
Modify the dhcp class id. ##
## = New option in Win 2K/XP
If the Adapter name contains spaces, use quotes: "Adapter Name"
wildcard characters * and ? allowed, see the examples below
